The global community has long condemned the abhorrent practice of trafficking in persons (TIP), and many States have considerably strengthened their efforts to prevent and prosecute TIP and protect its victims. While great strides have been made, much more remains to be done. As with other crimes, addressing the demand side of trafficking, for example, has proven particularly challenging. Often, even identifying persons who have been trafficked is difficult – for example, when they are males who do not fit stereotypical notions of a TIP victim. And, despite the laudable and significant increase in anti - traffic king laws on the books in many states, there are still far too few successful prosecutions of traffickers. This paper outlines the key challenges faced by States and the anti - trafficking community in preventing and responding to TIP , including protecting victims, and makes recommendations for concrete actions and commitments that should be addressed in the Global Compact on Migration.

The "COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #1: Tools and Resources" is designed to capture the latest information and analysis on Understanding the migration & mobility implications of COVID-19 in a fast-moving environment. In this snapshot: IOM Crisis Response Key Daily Updates COVID-19 Travel Restrictions Globally Tracking COVID-19 cases around the world Migration Research Centre Analysis Behind nCov2019 World Economic Forum's COVID-19 Mapping

The "COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #34: Environmental migration and displacement" is designed to capture the latest information and analysis on consular assistance in a fast-moving environment. In this snapshot: New research & analysis on environmental migration & COVID COVID-19 and environmental mobility Small Island States facing dual crises Health care and displaced persons during disasters Displaced and stranded populations due to disasters

The "COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #17: Impacts on migrant children and youth" is designed to capture the latest information and analysis on impacts on migrant children and youth in a fast-moving environment. In this snapshot: Migrant children and youth The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education Increased risk of sexual exploitation Risks of labour exploitation Unaccompanied and separated migrant children

The "COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #14: Human trafficking" is designed to capture the latest information and analysis on Human trafficking in a fast-moving environment. In this snapshot: What is human trafficking? Human trafficking, modern slavery and smuggling: What are the differences? The impact of COVID-19 on victims of trafficking United in the fight against COVID-19 Accrued risks of human trafficking due to the COVID-19 pandemic Main types of exploitation

The life of a migrant can be saturated with risk. Often working in dangerous, low-paying, or unstable jobs with limited access to social and government support in their host countries, migrants are vulnerable to health risks, job loss, abuse, and a host of other concerns. At the same time, they are often called upon to support their families when needs arise at home, a role that can make their situations even more tenuous by reducing their ability to set money aside for unexpected needs. These “everyday” risks leave migrants particularly vulnerable to crisis events—conflicts or natural disasters affecting the country in which they live. This brief explores the extent to which insurance may play a useful role in mitigating migrants’ risks before, during, or after a crisis event. Insurance can offer coverage for specific crisis-event related needs such as property damage or the cost of evacuation. Alternatively, insurance can support migrants’ broader risk management needs such as health care, death, disability, or unemployment. When benefits are accessed before a crisis, insurance coverage may boost migrants’ resilience in the face of crisis events. Insurance that addresses these general needs may advance the objective of protecting migrants caught in countries experiencing crises. Insurance can also offer great value during or immediately after a crisis event, but only to the extent the logistical challenges of delivering benefits at these difficult moments are sufficiently addressed.

Both conflicts and natural disasters produce life-threatening situations for citizens and migrants. While violence is at the core of the threat in conflicts, natural hazards represent the threat in natural disasters. During conflict, citizens and non-citizens alike may be the targets of armed attacks and sexual and gender-based violence, and both groups risk forced recruitment into armed forces. In some cases, migrants may be the specific target of violence, as occurred in Libya in 2011. In natural disasters, both populations may be harmed if there is widespread destruction of habitat and livelihoods. Migrants may be more likely to live in neighbourhoods with poor housing and infrastructure, leaving them particularly vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters. In both cases, individuals, families, and affected communities have limited capacity to overcome the threats without the help of national governments, civil society, and private sector actors and, where added capacity is needed, the international community. This issue brief examines the differential impacts of conflicts and natural disasters on migrants. It goes on to discuss existing legal and policy frameworks that guide actions on conflicts and natural disasters and explores practical constraints in responding to the needs of migrants in each type of situation. These include failures in governance at the national and local levels, particularly during conflict, which make protection of noncitizens by host countries difficult; weaknesses in early warning and emergency preparedness systems; difficulties in mounting large-scale evacuations when non-citizens are unable to remain in the affected countries; barriers to effective collaboration between the military and humanitarian actors, particularly in conflict situations; and challenges to reintegrate migrants who must return to their home countries because of conflicts or natural disasters.

The following pages analyse the roles and best practices, which different stakeholders can adopt in disaster and crisis management, with regard to supporting migrants coping with crises. The paper starts with the discussion of the key concepts of vulnerability and resilience in order to set a frame for stakeholder involvement. Resorting to stakeholder theory, it defines migrants as “dormant stakeholders” in crisis and disaster management, which need to be involved into crisis management in order to make use of their capabilities. Analysing the main challenges of the involvement of migrants, it defines main areas of stakeholder involvement in the different phases of a crisis. Based on examples from the dialogue meetings within the MICIC framework, it further outlines key areas of action and develops suggestions for improving stakeholder inclusion into crisis and disaster management and mitigation.

Climate change increases the risk of natural disasters and places a strain on livelihoods; it exacerbates poverty and can potentially cause situations of conflict and instability. These conditions, when combined with a mismatch between demand for labour and supply and the proliferation of unscrupulous recruitment agencies, increase high-risk behaviours and other negative coping strategies among affected populations. This may include resorting to migrant smugglers, which in turn makes them vulnerable to trafficking in persons (TiP) and associated forms of exploitation and abuse. The impact of climate change, however, is rarely considered as a potential contributor to human trafficking in global discussions or nationallevel policy frameworks, and the nexus remains relatively underexplored.

Since August 2017, an estimated 745,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar by crossing the border into Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. While it was not the first time the Rohingya people were forced to seek refuge in Bangladesh, the recent influx is the largest. In the 2019 Joint Response Plan, it was recognized that the Rohingya humanitarian crisis had socio-economic implications for the Bangladeshi host communities, increasing living costs, demand over water, firewood and other scarce resources while decreasing the livelihood of local skilled and unskilled laborers. From the 1.2 million people considered in need of humanitarian assistance in the Response Plan, nearly one third (27%) were crisis affected populations in host communities. That is the equivalent of 335,900 people in the Bangladeshi host communities.